Rise+of+Chola+Empire+-+Research+Pages

 **Rise of the Chola Empire** – // Research //– Essay – Bibliography **Fall of the Chola Empire** – Research – Essay – Bibliography

__ Rise of Chola Empire Research - Bianca   __ **Note - If no specific source is given for a point then it comes collectively from all the sources at the bottom of that category**

__  Leaders and Events Climate Transportation and Weaponry Art, Literature and Music Agriculture and Economy Socio - Political Structure

 __**Leaders and Events** 

__<span style="font-size: 96%; color: rgb(128, 0, 128); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Vijayalaya (reign 850 – 870) - began invading and Pallavas territory

King Aditya (reign 871 – 907) - defeated Pallavas

King Parantaka I (reign 907 – 953) - dominated Pandyas and destroyed their capital city Madurai - in 949 CE. Empire took blow from Rashtrakutas and Parantaka I died shortly later <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(128, 0, 128);"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;"> - conquered all of South India, Northern Cyprus and Northern Sri Lanka.
 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif; text-decoration: none; font-weight: normal;">Rajaraja I (reign 984 – 1014)

Rajendradeva Chola I (reign 1014 – 1044) - invaded Bengal - attacked Srivijaya Empire in Sumatra - sent naval attacks to Sumatra, Malaya and Myanmar - built irrigation system to bring water from Ganges River to capital city (Gangaikondacolapuram) - built college to teach Vedic studies

Rajadhiraja (reign 1044 – 1054) - fought Pandyas and Chera - defeated Chalukya ruler Someshvara I in 1046 but was killed at Battle of Koppam against Chalukyas in 1054 **

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(128, 0, 128);"><span style="font-size: 80%; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">**[|__http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=7&hid=109&sid=a1eea003-e8a6-463d-8ed2-be6b84240b5e%40sessionmgr103&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=khh&AN=7I7M0038437__]**<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif; text-decoration: none; font-weight: normal;">

**[|__http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=7&hid=109&sid=a1eea003-e8a6-463d-8ed2-be6b84240b5e%40sessionmgr103&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=khh&AN=IXBChola__]**<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif; text-decoration: none; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="font-size: 80%; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"> <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"><span style="font-size: 80%; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">**[|__http://go.grolier.com/__]**<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif; text-decoration: none; font-weight: normal;">

<span style="font-size: 80%; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">**[|__http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9024708__]**   <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"> <span style="font-weight: normal; color: rgb(85, 26, 139);"> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">  __<span style="font-weight: normal; color: rgb(85, 26, 139);">**http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/124889/Chola-dynasty**

__** [|Click for Google Book - Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra.] **** [| __Ancient India.__] **** [|Motilal Banarisdass Publ. 1977] ** <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">

<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;"> <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">

<span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;"> <span style="color: rgb(85, 26, 139); font-size: 140%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> __**Climate and Geography** __<span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"> <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"> <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">Climate __ <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">__monsoon winds__
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">__constant flooding – affecting crops and empire in general__
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">__weather alternated between hot and dry with rain and flooding__
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">__higher rainfall in the south made rice the primary crop – especially around the Ganges River__
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">__fertile land along Cholan coast__

<span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;"> Cauvery River <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;"> <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"><span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">Deccan Plateau <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;"> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;"> (__[|http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/154969/Deccan)]__
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">__relatively shallow__
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">__empties into the Bay of Bengal__
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">__extensive irrigation system__
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">__main river that flows through Deccan plateau__
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">__river valleys were densely populated but the dry areas in between weren’t__
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">__irrigation was uneven and it is not known if Cholas were ever able to expand their irrigation method to the plateau because it was constantly switching hands (due to the constant warfare)__
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">__rainfall was main way of irrigation and river expansion /water increase__
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">__about 600m elevation though it slopes on the side of the Cholas (eastern side)__

<span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-size: 120%; font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;"> <span style="color: rgb(85, 26, 139);">Ganges River
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">__provided water to capital when system was built by Rajendra I__
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">__is the chief river in India and one of main rivers in Chola Empire__
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">__sediment collected in the river enriches the soil__
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">__flat to rolling plain around the river__

__[]<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;"> [|__https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html__]<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); text-decoration: none;">

Click for Google Book - [|Ali, Daud.][|__Ancient India__][|. United States New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, 2009]

<span style="color: rgb(85, 26, 139);">Burjor, Avasi. India: __<span style="color: rgb(85, 26, 139);">The Ancient Past __<span style="color: rgb(85, 26, 139);">. United States New York, 2001

<span style="color: rgb(128, 0, 128);"> <span style="color: rgb(85, 26, 139); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"> <span style="color: rgb(85, 26, 139); font-size: 120%;"> __**Transportation and Weaponry** > > >
 * <span style="color: rgb(85, 26, 139); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"><span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif; text-decoration: none;">__Ganges River and Malaya both on sea way routes__ <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif;">
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">Section

|| <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">Chariots

|| <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">Elephants

|| <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">Horses

|| <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">Men

||
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">Patti

|| <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">1

|| <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">1

|| <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">3

|| <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">5

||
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">Senamukha

|| <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">3

|| <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">3

|| <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">9

|| <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">15

||
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">Gulma

|| <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">9

|| <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">9

|| <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">27

|| <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">45

||
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">Gana

|| <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">27

|| <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">27

|| <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">81

|| <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">135

||
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">Vahini

|| <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">81

|| <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">81

|| <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">243

|| <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">405

||
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">Prtana

|| <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">243

|| <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">243

|| <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">729

|| <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">1215

||
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">Camu

|| <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">729

|| <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">729

|| <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">2187

|| <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">3645

||
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">Anikini

|| <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">2187

|| <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">2187

|| <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">6561

|| <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">10 935

||
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">Aksauhini

|| <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">21 870

|| <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">21 870

|| <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">65 610

|| <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-size: 120%;">109 350

|| <span style="color: rgb(85, 26, 139); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">

<span style="color: rgb(85, 26, 139); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">
 * = <span style="color: rgb(128, 0, 128); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Rank ||= <span style="color: rgb(128, 0, 128); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Pay per month ||
 * = <span style="color: rgb(128, 0, 128); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Crown Prince ||= <span style="color: rgb(128, 0, 128); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">5000 varnas ||
 * = <span style="color: rgb(128, 0, 128); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Commander in chief ||= <span style="color: rgb(128, 0, 128); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">4000 varnas ||
 * = <span style="color: rgb(128, 0, 128); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">First Charioteer (a royal prince) ||= <span style="color: rgb(128, 0, 128); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">3000 varnas ||
 * = <span style="color: rgb(128, 0, 128); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Commander of a chariot ||= <span style="color: rgb(128, 0, 128); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">300 niskas ||
 * = <span style="color: rgb(128, 0, 128); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Commander of a cavalry unit ||= <span style="color: rgb(128, 0, 128); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">3000 niskas ||
 * = <span style="color: rgb(128, 0, 128); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Elephant Driver ||= <span style="color: rgb(128, 0, 128); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">1 varnas ||
 * = <span style="color: rgb(128, 0, 128); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Messenger ||= <span style="color: rgb(128, 0, 128); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">7 varnas ||

<span style="color: rgb(85, 26, 139); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">__(<span style="text-decoration: none; font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-style: normal;"> Robinson, Francis. __ The Cambridge Encyclopedia of India. __ United States: Cambridge University Press,1989) __ <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-decoration: none; font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">
 * <span style="color: rgb(85, 26, 139); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">__**armour was worn by men and elephants**__
 * <span style="color: rgb(85, 26, 139); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">__**paid in gold coins a month – which could indicate a surplus of gold in India and/or that gold was common or specific currency**__
 * <span style="color: rgb(85, 26, 139); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">__**some weapons were bows, discs, spears, clubs, hatchets**__
 * <span style="color: rgb(85, 26, 139); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">__**- materials could be elephants tusks, wood, iron, stone**__

__**<span style="color: rgb(128, 0, 128); text-decoration: none;">[|Click for Google Book - Oppert, Gustav. On the weapons, army organisation and political maxims of the Ancient Hindus. London: Messrs Truber & Co. 1880]

<span style="color: rgb(85, 26, 139); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"> **<span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;"> __**Art, Literature and Music** <span style="color: rgb(85, 26, 139); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 0, 128);"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">__different classicals dances and dances styles were inscribed in medieval sanskrit literature__ __and sculpture__
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">__building could be devoted to kings and/or Gods__
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">__Sanskrit was language of perfection – only for learned__ <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">__<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">( __<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"> **<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); text-decoration: none; font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Burjor, Avasi. India: **__<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); text-decoration: none; font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); text-decoration: none; font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-style: normal;"> The Ancient Past ____<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); text-decoration: none; font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">. __**<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); text-decoration: none; font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">United States New York, 2001 **__**<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); text-decoration: none; font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">) **__
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">__good literature was also in Prakrit and Apabrahamarha__ <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">__<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">( **<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); text-decoration: none; font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Burjor, Avasi. India: **<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); text-decoration: none; font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); text-decoration: none; font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-style: normal;"> The Ancient Past ____<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); text-decoration: none; font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">. **<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); text-decoration: none; font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> United States New York, 2001) **__
 * <span style="display: block; text-align: left; color: rgb(128, 0, 128);">__**<span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); text-decoration: none; font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">royals enjoyed poems, histories, dictionaries, grammars, plays and scientific and medical manuals. **<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">**<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); text-decoration: none; font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">( ****<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); text-decoration: none; font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Burjor, Avasi. India: **<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); text-decoration: none; font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-style: normal;"> The Ancient Past __ <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">__**<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); text-decoration: none; font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">. United States New York, 2001) **__
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">__temples constructed by sutradharas in accordance with Shilpashastras__ <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">__<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">( **[|__http://india.gov.in/knowindia/ancient_history5.php)__]**__
 * <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(128, 0, 128);">__s<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">pec __ <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">__ialized in stone and metal sculptures__

<span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;"> Architecture __<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); text-decoration: none;">( **[|http://india.gov.in/knowindia/chola_temples.php)]**__ <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;"> Bronze Sculptures __<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); text-decoration: none;">( **[|http://www.pbs.org/thestoryofindia/timeline/4/)]**<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"><span style="text-decoration: none; font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> __
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">__built many temples and monuments__
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">__most classic Tamil literature and architecture belong to the Shangham period (which also brought a revival of worshipping the God Shiva (Shaivism))__


 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">__detailed metalwork depicting the god Shiva (worshipped in the south) and consort Pavarti__
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">__Cholas made sculptures which became the classic image of beauty for all of India__
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">__casting of bronze starts with a prayer and other prayers throughout the making of the statue__
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">__the statue will live for thousands of years and will outlive the one that it is molded after (excluding Gods)__
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">__carefully posed – graceful, full of meaning and symbols, sometimes dancing__

__

<span style="color: rgb(85, 26, 139); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"> <span style="display: block; text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"><span style="text-decoration: none; font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">
 * [|__http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=7&hid=109&sid=a1eea003-e8a6-463d-8ed2-be6b84240b5e%40sessionmgr103&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=khh&AN=7I7M0038437__]**

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**[|__http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9024708__]**<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"><span style="text-decoration: none; font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">

<span style="color: rgb(128, 0, 128);">**<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); text-decoration: none; font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Robinson, Francis. **<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); text-decoration: none; font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-style: normal;">  __<span style="font-weight: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">**The Cambridge Encyclopedia of India.** __**<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); text-decoration: none; font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> United States: Cambridge University Press,1989 **

<span style="color: rgb(85, 26, 139); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"> __<span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">**Agriculture and Economy** <span style="color: rgb(85, 26, 139); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"> <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128);">[|http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=7&hid=109&sid=a1eea003-e8a6-463d-8ed2-be6b84240b5e][|%40sessionmgr103&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=khh&AN=7I7M0038437] <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">__to ensure against drought – irrigation systems were forme__ <span style="color: rgb(128, 0, 128);"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">__d__ __with__ <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;"> __channels, pumps, tanks - very advanced and gravity was source of energy that allowed them to work__
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">__Southern India merchants specialized in textiles, spices, gems, drugs, ivory, amber, coal, perfume, rhino horns__
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">__peasant economy especially in river valleys__
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">__merchants crossed the sea with their ships__
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">__many seaports in India, Uraiyur (capital city) and Ganges__
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">__relation with Rome strengthened after 550 CE due to the Roman demand for Indian spices__
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">__King lent money but wanted interest (between 9% - 12% depending on trade)__
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">__trading and money lending was strong part of their economy__
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">__land was classified according to utility and fertility__
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">__Fatimids of Egypt overthrew Abbasid Empire– wanted trade with Southern India merchants__
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">__trade with China – led to Chinese trade deficit from huge Indian imports__
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">__Indian merchants depended on rulers of Sri Vijaya – Malay kingdom that controlled Malacca Straits – key waterway passage__
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">__to try and increase profits from the Indo-China trade Sri Vijaya wanted to stop ships at the strait and transfer goods to destination – for profit from mandatory delivery – Rajaraja I used naval forces to punish Sri Vijaya – completely unexpected because they were comfortable with the Cholans__
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">__main crop was rice, also peanuts, sugarcane__

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__<span style="color: rgb(128, 0, 128);">**<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); text-decoration: none; font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Robinson, Francis. **<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); text-decoration: none; font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-style: normal;"> __<span style="font-weight: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"> **The Cambridge Encyclopedia of India.**  __**<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); text-decoration: none; font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">United States: Cambridge University Press,1989 **

<span style="color: rgb(128, 0, 128); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">**<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); text-decoration: none; font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Burjor, Avasi. India: **<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"> __<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">**The Ancient Past** __**<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); text-decoration: none; font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">. United States New York, 2001 **

<span style="color: rgb(128, 0, 128); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">**<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); text-decoration: none; font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Dayal, Thakur Harendra,<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"> **<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">  __<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">**Ancient Culture of India.** __**<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); text-decoration: none; font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"> United States New Jersey: Humanities Press Inc. 1962 **

<span style="color: rgb(128, 0, 128); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">**[|Click for Google Book - Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra.]****[| __Ancient India.__]****[|Motilal Banarisdass Publ. 1977]**

<span style="color: rgb(128, 0, 128); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">**[|(][][|)]**

<span style="color: rgb(85, 26, 139); font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> __**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; color: rgb(85, 26, 139); font-size: 140%;">Socio – Political Structure<span style="color: rgb(85, 26, 139); font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> **
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">__children were taught sacred texts__
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">__though kings gave land grants to brahmans – the creation of brahmadeyas was encouraged because they increased the agricultural productivity and general income of the kingdom__

<span style="color: rgb(85, 26, 139); font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> > - power to sell land for religious purposes without approval of government > - received deposits of cash, donations and land - would administer to citizens as trusts**__ > - person seeking election needed to fulfill requirements for age, learning, character, mode of living and social status > - elected person would be part of a committee for 1 year – unless they commit any offence **__
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">__nadus changed according to circumstance__
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">__private ownership was encouraged by officials__
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">__valanadu, periyanadu, tanyiur (larger revenue units) were created for defining agricultural regions and revenue organization ordered by royal officials__
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 0, 128);">__** head of province was viceroy – usually royal **__
 * <span style="display: block; text-align: left; color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;"> __**could collect taxes and customary laws
 * <span style="display: block; text-align: left; color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">__**<span style="color: rgb(128, 0, 128); text-decoration: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">- every village was divided into different sections of voters
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">__income mainly from land revenue – usually 1/6 of totaly produced – during floods or famine there was a tax remission__
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">__other sources of revenue were – taxes on -- looms, oil mills trade, goldsmith, animals, tanks and salts__
 * <span style="color: rgb(128, 29, 159); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">__spent most of the money on – maintenance of royal house, civil and military administration, temples, roads, irrigation, channels and tanks__

<span style="color: rgb(85, 26, 139); font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="color: rgb(85, 26, 139); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">
 * <span style="color: rgb(85, 26, 139); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">__**split into right hand (valangai) and left hand (idangai)**__
 * <span style="color: rgb(85, 26, 139); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">__**right hand contained mostly people in stable agricultural business**__
 * <span style="color: rgb(85, 26, 139); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">__**left hand seen mostly as artisans but also included forest and tribe people**__
 * <span style="color: rgb(85, 26, 139); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">__**established ranking system based on the caste system used in the north**__

__<span style="display: block; text-align: left; color: rgb(128, 0, 128); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;"> <span style="text-decoration: none; font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">

<span style="color: rgb(128, 0, 128); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">**<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); text-decoration: none; font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Burjor, Avasi. India: **<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); text-decoration: none; font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-style: normal;">  __<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">**The Ancient Past** __**<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); text-decoration: none; font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">. United States New York, 2001 **

<span style="color: rgb(128, 0, 128); font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">**<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); text-decoration: none; font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Dayal, Thakur Harendra, **<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); text-decoration: none; font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-style: normal;"> __<span style="font-weight: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">**Ancient Culture of India.** __**<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); text-decoration: none; font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> United States New Jersey: Humanities Press Inc. 1962 **

<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> Wadhwani, M.R. Toshi, P.S. Pradhan, T.V. __ <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"> Ancient India – History, Civilization and culture __. New Dehli: Chand and Co, 1968 <span style="font-size: 130%; color: rgb(255, 0, 255);"> <span style="font-size: 210%; color: rgb(255, 0, 255);"> <span style="font-size: 210%; color: rgb(255, 0, 255);">Bibliography

<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 128); text-decoration: none; font-family: Times New Roman,serif; font-style: normal;">