Fall+of+Chola+Empire+-+Research+Pages

**Fall of the Chola Empire** – // Research // – Essay – Bibliography **Research** =  = **Events and Leaders** Rajadhiraja (1044-1054) · Died fighting in the Battle of Koppam (against the Chalukyas) (Majumdar, 490)
 * Rise of the Chola Empire** – Research – Essay – Bibliography

Rajendra II (1054-1064) · Crowned himself after brother died and won Battle of Koppam (Majumdar, 490)

Virarajendra (1064-1070) · Rajendra’s younger son – crowned at his father’s death (Majumdar, 490) · Claims to have defeated Chalukyas five times (Majumdar, 491) · Fought battle for North Ceylon and won (before 1067) (Majumdar, 491) · Ceylon king fled – Virarajendra took control of all Ceylon (Majumdar, 491) · Entered alliance with Eastern and Western Chalukyas (Majumdar, 491)

Adhirajendra (1070-1070) · Virarajendra’s son ascended with help of Western Chalukya Prince Vikramaditya (Majumdar, 492) · He was murdered a few months later (Majumdar, 492)

Kulottunga I (1070-1122) · Adhirajendra’s second cousin (Majumdar, 493) · Lost Ceylon practically at acension (Majumdar, 493) · Dual monarch – Cholas and Western Chalukyas (he was a Chalukya prince) (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/124889/Chola-dynasty) · Lots of rebellion among the Pandya and Ceras – Kulottunga eventually won but lost a lot of the power he had before(Majumdar, 494) · 1076 – Had to fight inevitable war with Vikramaditya – Kulottunga won the war but lost the Western Chalukya throne(Majumdar, 494) · eventually lost Vengi to Vikramaditya as well (Majumdar, 495) · 1117 – Hoysalas take over Gangavadi (another area Cholas had control of) (Majumdar, 495) Part of temple built during Kulottunga’s reign (http://www.fotothing.com/photos/a3c/a3ce74bc713e641c226d53bda5688018_e02.jpg) Vikrama (1122-1135) · Kulottunga’s son (Majumdar, 495) · 1125 – floods in North and South Arcot Districts (Majumdar, 496) · Followed by severe famine (Majumdar, 496) · 1126 - recovered Vengi (Majumdar, 495) · Also recovered some parts of Gangavadi

Kulottunga II (1135-1150) · Vikrama’s son (Majumdar, 496) · Reign filled with peace and prosperity (Majumdar, 496)

Rajaraja II (1150 – 1173) · First half peaceful (Majumdar, 496) · Forced to interfere in Pandya conflict – became struggle between Cholas and Ceylons (Majumdar, 496) · Rajaraja II died during struggle

Rajadhiraja II (1173-1179/82) · Rajaraja II’s nephew (Majumdar, 496) · Lost Vengi again (Majumdar, 497) · Lost power due to weak administration (Majumdar, 497)

Kulottunga III (1179/82-1217/18) · Invaded Pandya country – last victory of the Chola arms (Majumdar, 499) · New Pandya king invades Chola empire – Kulottunga III and heir Rajaraja III forced to flee (Majumdar, 500) · Put back on throne but had to submit to Pandyas (Majumdar, 500)

Rajaraja III (1217/18-unknown) · Pandyas helped to get rid of some Odda soilders in Chola country, Cholas had to then make payments to Pandyas (Majumdar, 501) · Rajaraja III stupidly stopped payments to Pandyas and invaded (Majumdar, 501) · Pandyas counter invaded, Rajaraja III fled, Hoysalas put him back on throne (Majumdar, 501)

Rajendra III (unknown – 1279) · Jatavarman Pandya took Pandya throne in 1257 and invaded Chola country, forced Rajendra III to be his tributary vassel (Majumdar, 502) · Rajendra ruled until 1279 – after that Cholas completely amalgamated with Pandya empire (Majumdar, 502)

**Climate & Geographic Features** Chola country called Cormandel – from Vaigai river to Tondaiman (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/124889/Chola-dynasty#) Map of Chola country (http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Chola_map.png) · Monsoon climate (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India/46382/Climate) · Three general temperature periods: mid-June to September – hot, wet weather, October to Febuary – cool, dry weather, March to mid-June, hot, dry weather (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India/46382/Climate) · Not much temperature fluctuation in southern end of India (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India/46382/Climate) · Tropical thorn forests (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India/46382/Climate) · Coast very fertile ( http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/138164/Coromandel-Coast)

Decan Plateau · Gradually slope towards east (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India/46382/Climate) · Western Ghats – range of mountains marking western side of plateau (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India/46382/Climate)

Vaigai River · 150 miles long (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/621556/Vaigai-River) · rarely floods (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/621556/Vaigai-River) · monarchy but had elements of democracy (Joshi, Wadhwani, Pradhan 100-120) · king was head – had appointed ministers to advice him (Joshi, Wadhwani, Pradhan 100-120) · kingdom divided into provinces – head of province usually related to royal family (Joshi, Wadhwani, Pradhan 100-120) · province subdivided into districts called Nadus – Nadus run by administrative units called Karrams (Joshi, Wadhwani, Pradhan 100-120) · provinces had power to remit taxes in famines/wars (Joshi, Wadhwani, Pradhan 100-120) · every villiage had an Ur (oversaw rural affairs like taxes, selling land ect.) and a Brahmana (brought justice, punished offenders, educated children) (Joshi, Wadhwani, Pradhan 100-120) · people voted onto village committees – removed if committed offense (Joshi, Wadhwani, Pradhan 100-120) **Agriculture and Economy** · money came from taxes – taxes on looms, oil mills, trade, gold smiths, animals, salt, and more (Joshi, Wadhwani, Pradhan 100-120) · got money from conquered kings(Joshi, Wadhwani, Pradhan 100-120) · trade provided lots of money (Joshi, Wadhwani, Pradhan 100-120) · along coast agriculture is main means of survival (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India/46382/Climate) · rice, legumes, sugarcane, cotton and peanuts grow well (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India/46382/Climate)
 * Socio-Political Structure**

**Art, Literature and Music** · Vikrama devoted a year of state revenue to enhance Chidambaram temple (Beamish, 14) · Annual temple festival procession – involved lots of song, music and dance (Beamish, 14) · Famous for bronze works (Beamish, 14) · Lots were of religious figures (such as Shiva) (Beamish, 60) || Statue of Shiva (Beamish, 60) ||
 * · important literary works during Kulottunga I reign – “Kalingattupparani” by Jayangondan and “Silappadhikaram” by Adiyarkkunallar (Joshi, Wadhwani, Pradhan 100-120)



Transportation and Weaponry
· Indian army had many different sized units (http://books.google.ca/books?id=zFMIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1&dq=ancient+india+weapons#PPA4,M1) || # of Chariots || # of Elephants || # of Horses || # of footmen || || 1   ||  1   ||  3   ||  5   || ||  3   ||  3   ||  9   ||  15   || ||  9   ||  9   ||  27   ||  45   || ||  27   ||  27   ||  81   ||  135   || ||  81   ||  81   ||  243   ||  405   || ||  243   ||  243   ||  729   ||  1215   || ||  729   ||  729   ||  2187   ||  3645   || ||  2187   ||  2187   ||  6561   ||  10935   || ||  21870   ||  21870   ||  65610   ||  109350   || · Adverage soilder got 15 varvas a month (http://books.google.ca/books?id=zFMIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1&dq=ancient+india+weapons#PPA4,M1) · Commander-in-Chief received 4000 varvas each month (http://books.google.ca/books?id=zFMIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1&dq=ancient+india+weapons#PPA4,M1) · Warriors, elephants and horses wore armour (http://books.google.ca/books?id=zFMIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1&dq=ancient+india+weapons#PPA4,M1) · Had powerful navy (Joshi, Wadhwani, Pradhan 100-120) · Ships used for trade and travel (Joshi, Wadhwani, Pradhan 100-120)
 * Unit
 * Patti
 * Senamukha
 * Gulma
 * Gana
 * Vahinl
 * Prtana
 * Camu
 * Anikini
 * Aksauhinl

Bibliography